ABSTRACT
T. b. rhodesiense is the acute form of African human trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness which is common in East and Southern Africa. Trypanosomiasis is caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by tsetse flies (genus Glossina spp). Treatment of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa with trypanocidal drugs has been hindered by drug resistance and proves to be too expensive for many farmers. Tsetse control methods include aerial and ground spraying; sterile insect technique; and bait technology; including the use of insecticide-treated cattle (ITC). We compared two techniques of application of insecticides on cattle using a mathematical model: whole-body (WB); where insecticides are applied on the entire animals body and restricted application (RAP); where insecticides are applied on the legs; belly and ears of the animal
Subject(s)
Cattle , Insecticide-Treated Bednets , Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense , Tsetse FliesABSTRACT
Abstract:As meat consumption is increasing worldwide to cover for protein demands; also raise concerns and challenges regarding meat hygiene and safety. The current one year follow up study aimed at investigating on sanitary practices and occurrence of zoonotic conditions; during postmortem examination; in cattle at slaughter in Morogoro Municipality abattoir. Sanitary practices were assessed through direct observation where as routine post-mortem inspection procedures were employed to detect zoonotic conditions in cattle at slaughter. During the study period a total of 30;713 cattle were slaughtered and inspected at the abattoir. Results revealed poor hygienic practices at the level of abattoir surrounding; the slaughter operation area; personnel as well as meat vans. Whole carcasses; lungs; livers; hearts and heads were condemned due to zoonotic conditions at rates of 0.026; 1.96; 1.61; 0.02 and 0.21 respectively. Bovine tuberculosis; Cysticercus bovis check for this species in other resources cysts; fasciolosis and hydatidosis were the responsible zoonotic conditions for the condemnations. Bovine tuberculosis was a leading zoonotic cause of condemnations accounting for 95.7 of lungs and 100 of all head and carcass condemnations. Cysticercus bovis cysts were ranking the second in serving as causes of condemnations closely followed by fasciolosis and lastly hydatidosis. Occurrence of disease conditions with zoonotic implication in cattle at slaughter; meant for human consumption; may pose significant economic and public health risks to especially disaster-prone marginalized communities. Thus; there is a need to introduce appropriate control measures of livestock diseases to minimize the rate of infection; and eventually reduce economic losses and safeguard public health
Subject(s)
Abattoirs , Cattle , Meat , Public Health , Public Health Practice , ZoonosesABSTRACT
Des enquetes entomologiques longitudinales ont ete effectuees de novembre 1998 a novembre 2000 en vue de determiner le comportement trophique des anopheles en presence de bovins comme hotes alternatifs a l`homme dans deux localites de la zone de foret du sud Cameroun; Obala et Nkolbisson. Les collectes des moustiques ont eu lieu a l`interieur des habitations par pulverisation intra domiciliaire et a l`exterieur a l`aide de captures sous moustiquaire piege avec comme appats l`homme et le veau. L`origine du repas de sang et l`infectivite des moustiques ont ete identifiees par la technique ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Asay). Au total; 992 anopheles appartenant a 8 especes ont ete collectees au cours de cette etude. An. funestus etait l`espece la plus abondante a Obala tandis qu`An. nili predominait a Nkolbisson. Le taux d`anthropophilie etait plus eleve chez les moustiques collectes a l`interieur des habitations que chez ceux collectes a l`exterieur sous moustiquaire piege. An. gambiae et An. funestus ont montre une nette preference pour l`homme tandis qu`An. nili a pique indifferemment l`homme et le boeuf. An. gambiae etait de loin le vecteur principal dans les deux sites d`etude avec 24 cas d`infections sur les 42 trouves. Ces resultats montrent que les vecteurs en zone de foret peuvent diversifier la source de leur repas de sang en presence d`hotes alternatifs tels que les bovins. Toutefois; il serait important de comprendre si l`introduction de l`elevage de bovins dans cette region pourrait influencer le cycle de transmission du paludisme
Subject(s)
Anopheles , Cattle , Culicidae , Feeding Behavior , Malaria/transmissionABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to isolate Staphylococcus aureus from samples of cow's milk obtained from different farm settings and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Gram staining; oxidase; catalase; DNase; haemolysis and the MASTASTAPHTM rapid agglutination tests were employed for bacterial identification. A total of 28 milk samples were collected and screened for the presence of S. aureus. All the samples were contaminated with S. aureus. A total of 240 S. aureus isolates were obtained during this study. The levels of contamination with S. aureus were higher in milk obtained from the communal farms in Lokaleng and Mogosane (24.6and 35.4; respectively)compared to the commercial farms in Rooigrond and Molelwane (17.9and 22.1; respectively). A large percentage of the S. aureus isolates (39-100) from both communal farms was resistant to methicillin (MT); ampicillin (AP); penicillin G (PG); sulphamethoxazole (Smx); oxytetracycline (OT); erythromycin (E); nitrofurantoin (NI) and streptomycin (S); but not vancomycin (V). An even higher percentage (64.2- 100) of the isolates from both commercial farms was resistant to sulphamethoxazole and nitrofurantoin. A comparably smaller percentage (3.4- 4.7) of the isolates from both communal farms was resistant to vancomycin; but all isolates from commercial farm milk were susceptible to this drug. The predominant multiple antibiotic resistant phenotypes for isolates from the commercial farms were AP-Smx-NI and MT-AP-PG-OT-Smx-NI for Rooigrond and Molelwane farms; respectively; while those for isolates from the communal farms were MT-AP-PG-Smx-E-NI-S and MT-AP-PG-OT-Smx-NI-S for Lokaleng and Mogosane; respectively. When comparing the percentage of antibiotic resistance; a significant positive correlation was observed between the isolates from the commercial farms (r = 0.966; p 0.01). S. aureus is normally resident in humans; therefore; the S. aureus present in the cows may have resulted from transmission between the two species; emphasising the need to improve sanitary conditions in the milking environment
Subject(s)
Cattle , Methicillin Resistance , Milk , Staphylococcus aureusABSTRACT
Dans le cadre d'une étude sur le statut sanitaire des pasteurs nomades et de leur bétail exécutée en étroite colla-boration entre les services de santé publique et vétérinaire tchadiens,le taux de rétinol sérique humain a été analysé en cor-rélation avec celui contenu dans le lait du bétail. Parmi les femmes examinées (n = 99),43% (IC95% 33 - 54 %) étaient défi-c i t a i resen rétinol (tauxde0,35µmol/Là0,7µmol/L) et 17% (IC95% 10 -26%) sévèrement défi c i t a i resen rétinol (tauxinféri e u rà0,35µmol/L). Aucunedesfemmesinterrogées(n=87)n'indiquaituneconsommation defruitset seulesdeux avaientconsommédeslégumesfraisau coursdesdern i è res 24 heures. Lelait était donc pratiquement la seule source devitamineA pour ces popu-lations. Parmi le bétail,les chèvres (n=6) avaient les taux moyens de rétinol les plus élevés dans leur lait (329 ± 84 µg/kg),sui-vies des bovins (n=25; 247 ± 32 µg/kg) et des dromadaires (n=12; 120 ± 18 µg/kg). Les concentrations de rétinol dans le sérumhumain dépendaient de manière significative de la concentration de rétinol dans le lait du bétail (pente partielle 0,23; inter-valle de confiance de 95% 0,008 - 0,47). Notre étude confirme que le lait de chèvre et de vache est une source importante devitamine A chez les pasteurs nomades. Par ailleurs,la promotion de la consommation de légumes verts,de fruits et de sup-pléments vitaminés reste nécessaire pour lutter contre les carences en vitamine A
Subject(s)
Cattle , Chad , GoatsABSTRACT
Since 1990; a baseline survey of cattle productivity has been carried out on the Olkiramatina Group Ranch; Kajiado District. The aim of this survey was to assess the impact of seasonally high tsetse challenge and the resulting trypanosome infections. Management strategies among the pastoralist farmers and the effects of traditional and introduced tsetse and trypanosomiasis control regimes were also assessed. Two traditionally managed herds (A and B) were monitored by monthly weighing and sampling for trypanosomiasis. Milk off take was recorded every two weeks and herd compositon and dynamics monitored weekly. The major constraint to productivity during the first year of the study was prolonged drought affecting traditional transhumance grazing practices. The trypanosomiasis incidence rate of a control herd was consistently higher than the trypanosomiasis prevelance rate in the survey herds. There was an increase in disease prevalence at the end of along dry season and during the short rain season. Mortality rates at this time also increased. During the period; two calving seasons were recorded; during May to June 1991 and between December 1990 and February 1991. Herd A recorded a 73.5 calving rate between November 1990 and November 1991; compared with 52 in Herd B. Differences in cattle grazing management and drug treatments between herds were recorded. Cattle performance was characterised by a large drop in the body weight of mature animals after calving; long periods of return to service and low calf growth rates. This study is on-going
Subject(s)
Cattle , Trypanosomiasis , Tsetse FliesABSTRACT
The prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis was studied in 320 Zebu cattle randomly selected from three regions of Uganda (central; south-western and north-western) using DOT-ELISA; Western immunoblotting; Rapid Card Agglutination Test (RCAT); Capillary Tube Agglutination Test (CAT); Complement Fixation Test (CFT); and parasitological techniques. Dried blood on Whatman filter paper no. 1 was eluated in PBS 0.05pc Tween 20 prior to testing at an initial dilution of 1:25. The incidence of parasitaemia ranged from 25pc in the central region to 35pc in the north-western region and the serological prevalence was lower in the central region and highest in the north-west. Prevalence rates assayed by DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting were 1.5-fold greater than those tested with RCAT and 3-fold greater than in CAT. The overall prevalence rates by DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting compared favourably with CFT data. The present data utilizing dried blood on filter papers indicate that there is a high prevalence of anaplasmosis in those regions of Uganda surveyed and it confirms our observations and those of others that collecting blood on filter papers is a suitable technique for large-scale screening and for seroepidemiological studies
Subject(s)
Agglutination Tests , Cattle , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Insect Vectors , Prevalence , Ticks/microbiologyABSTRACT
The suitability of blood collected on filter papers in comparison with corresponding conventional serum samples in the diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis was studied using the Complement Fixation Test (CFT); DOT-ELISA; Western immunoblot and Rapid Card Agglutination Test (RCAT). Dried blood on Whatman filter paper no. 1 was eluted in 1.8 ml of PBS 0.05pc Tween 20 given an initial dilution of 1:100. The reactivity in both DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting was similar to that obtained with the sera diluted 1:100. Filter paper samples gave lower reactivity in all the tests as compared with corresponding serum samples. There was no significant difference in the reactivity between the eluates from filter papers stored at room temperature and those stored at 4 degrees C. Storage at room temperature did not significantly affect reactivity for up to 6 months. Eluates from filter papers stored for 6 months at room temperature continued to give similar reactivity to those from freshly prepared filter papers in both DOT-ELISA and Western blot; and in the Rapid Card Agglutination Test. It is concluded that collecting blood on filter papers is a suitable technique for large-scale screening and for seroepidemiological studies on anaplasmosis; and offers many advantages especially in developing countries where transport and cold chain facilities are a major constraint
Subject(s)
Cattle , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , FiltrationABSTRACT
The suitability of blood collected on filter papers in comparison with corresponding conventional serum samples in the diagnosis of bovine anaplasmosis was studied using the complement fixation test; DOT-ELISA; Western immunoblot and rapid card agglutination test. Dried blood on Whatman filter paper no. 1 was eluted in PBS 0.05pc Tween 20 giving an initial dilution of 1:10. The reactivity of the eluted samples in both DOT-ELISA and Western immunoblotting were similar to those obtained with the corresponding straight serum sample dilutions. Filter paper samples gave lower reactivity in the remaining tests when compared with corresponding serum samples. There was no significant difference in the reactivity between the eluates from filter papers stored at temperatures ranging between 15.5 and 24 degrees C and those kept refrigerated. Storage at 15.5 to 24 degrees C did not significantly affect reactivity for up to six months. Eluates from filter papers stored for six months at 15.5 to 24 degrees C continued to give similar reactivity as those from freshly prepared filter papers in both DOT-ELISA and Western blot; and in the rapid card agglutination test. It is concluded that collecting blood on filter papers is a suitable technique for large scale seroepidemiological studies on anaplasmosis and offers many advantages in developing countries where transport and cold chain facilities are a major constraint
Subject(s)
Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Blood Specimen Collection/methods , Blotting, Western/veterinary , Cattle , Complement Fixation Tests/veterinary , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , Specimen Handling/methods , Specimen Handling/veterinaryABSTRACT
The prevalence of bovine anaplasmosis was studied in 320 Zebu cattle randomly selected from three regions of Uganda: (Central; Southwestern and Northwestern) using dot-ELISA; Western immunoblotting; rapid card agglutination test (RCAT); capillary tube agglutination test (CAT); complement fixation test (CFT); and parasitological techniques. Dried blood on Whatman filter paper No. 1 was eluted in PBS 0.05pc Tween 20 prior to testing at an initial dilution of 1:25. The prevalences of parasitaemia were 25pc in the central region; 28pc in the southwestern region; and 35pc in the northwestern region; and the serological prevalence was lowest in the central region and highest in the northwest. Overall; prevalence rates obtained by dot-ELISA (61.9pc) and Western immunoblotting (62.5pc) were 1.5 times those obtained by RCAT (41pc) and three times those obtained by CAT (22.5pc). The overall prevalence rates obtained by dot-ELISA and Western immunoblotting compared favourably with the CFT data. The present data utilizing dried blood on filter papers indicate that there is a high prevalence of anaplasmosis in those regions of Uganda surveyed; and confirm our observations and those of others that collecting blood on filter papers is a suitable technique for large scale screening and for seroepidemiological studies
Subject(s)
Agglutination Tests/veterinary , Anaplasmosis/blood , Anaplasmosis/parasitology , Blotting, Western/veterinary , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/blood , Cattle Diseases/parasitology , Complement Fixation Tests/veterinary , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary , PrevalenceABSTRACT
The pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin was evaluated in field trials against Glossina f.fuscipes and sleeping sickness transmission in Iyolwa sub-county; Tororo District; Uganda. The insecticide was applied selectively to the resting-sites of tsetse; by bush-spraying; using 10pc wettable powder (10WP) formulation at an application rate of 11.6 g a.i./ha over an area of 28 km2; or by a 2pc Electrodyn formulation (2ED) applied at 0.9 g a.i./ha over 30 km2. In a third trial area of 32 km2; 215 pyramidal traps treated with lambda-cyhalothrin 100 mg/m2 were set. The best impact was obtained with 10WP lambda-cyhalothrin which eliminated tsetse within 1-2 months; whereas G.f.fuscipes persisted at very low density in part of the area treated with 2ED lambda-cyhalothrin. In both treated areas the numbers of human sleeping sickness cases fell to no more than one per month; compared with four to twelve per month previously. The overall rate of cattle trypanosomiasis (T.brucei and T.vivax) was also reduced slightly. Insecticide-treated traps remained fully effective for at least 6 months under field conditions and catches were reduced 20-90-fold. These results in the control of tsetse and trypanosomiasis transmission lead us to recommend lambda-cyhalothrin for tsetse control operations
Subject(s)
Aerosols , Cattle , Evaluation Study , Swine , Trypanosoma , Trypanosomiasis , Trypanosomiasis/transmissionABSTRACT
The therapeutic value of partial excision of lesions combined with administration of an autogenous vaccine in calves during an episode of cutaneous papillomatosis was evaluated. Of 10 Holstein calves naturally infected with cutaneous papillomatosis; 5 were given 20 ml of autogenous vaccine in addition to undergoing partial excision of the lesions; the other 5 calves were not given vaccine. Results indicate that partial excision combined with administration of autogenous vaccine has some therapeutic value in calves with small pedunculated papillomas; but not in calves with large confluent lesions